This text deals with the ecological aspects of polymer flame retardation. An introduction describing the ecological concern of flame retardation applications is followed by some general concepts of polymer combustion. Subsequent chapters deal with methods for estimating polymer flammability, the mode of action of modern flame retardants, and ecological concerns of the most used halogenated flame retardants. The final chapter contains suggestions for and studies of ecologically friendly types of flame retardants, such as low melting glass systems, polymer nanocomposites, polymer blends, organic char formers and silicon-inorganic systems.