The involvement of health professionals in human rights and humanitarian law violations has again become a live issue as a consequence of the U.S. prosecution of armed conflicts with al Qaeda, the Taliban, and Iraq. Health professionals - including MDs trained in psychiatry and PhDs trained in behavioral psychology - have reportedly advised and assisted in coercive interrogation. MDs have also been involved in forced feedings. Such practices would not be unique to the United States nor necessarily the most extreme in the world. The direct involvement of medical professionals in torture and covering up extrajudicial killings is a phenomenon common to many countries. The rules are sometimes obvious, responsibility is clearly defined, and violations are flagrant. In other situations, it is difficult to draw such clear lines. A reexamination of the international norms, as developed in human rights law, humanitarian law, and professional ethics can shed light on these issues. In this volume, a wide range of prominent practitioners and scholars explore these international norms, with an aim toward identifying and remedying gaps. Their insights provide significant potential for reforming institutions and supporting the work of health professionals.