Update: Applications of Research in Music Education is a publication of MENC: The National Association for Music Education that features articles of interest to music teachers at all levels. Articles in Update focus on the interpretation of research and its application in the classroom. Both reviews of the literature and findings of individual studies are presented in the journal, without research terminology or jargon. Anyone interested in the application of research in music education is invited to become an MENC member and access this journal online at www.MENC.org.