The present study seeks to explore the sociological dimensions of these issues in the context of current situation in India with special reference to Bihar. It covers 1300 respondents spread over 130 villages in different parts of the State. The role of social variables like sex, education, caste, religion, region, and exposure to media in respect of water supply and sanitation have been brought out. The socio cultural constraints in the adoption of new practices and the views of youth and women on these matters have also been analysed. The role of NGOs and the mobilization for people’s participation for improving the existing situation have also been discussed.